Topics of students' presentations

Winter semester 2021/22

Composition of extra- and intracellular space

Composition of extracellular and intracellular fluid, differences, their causes, importance.

Membrane transport and resting membrane potential

  1. Diffusion (principle, factors that affecting it), osmolarity, measurement
  2. General principles of transmembrane transport - characteristics of principles, ion channels and pumps
  3. Ion distribution across the cell membranes, its causes, influence on the setting of membrane voltage - ion channels and selective permeability of the cell membrane, electrochemical gradient, equilibrium potential for K+, Na+ and Cl-, Nernst equation, resting membrane potential.

Action potential

  1. Origin and course of action potential, mechanisms involved, influence of changes in resting polarity of membrane - graph of voltage change during AP (depolarization, threshold potential, overshooting to positive values, repolarization, hyperpolarization)
  2. Differences of AP in specific types of exciting tissues (skeletal muscles versus nerves), tissue pacemakers, methods of muscle cell excitation, signal transduction, pathways leading to activation of the contractile apparatus in skeletal and smooth muscle, the importance of calcium.
  3. Effect on different cell types, comparison of excitation-contraction in skeletal and smooth muscle fibers, involvement of individual components, energy consumption, tetanic contraction and its importance, relaxation.

Heart - electric activity

  1. Origin of rhythmicity of heartbeats, regulation of heart rate

    Action potential of various parts of the transmission system, the causes of their shape variations, cardiac pacemaker, time schedule of the action potential spreading through the conductive heart system, factors affecting  heart rate - sympathetic  effect, vagal control, receptors, effect.

  2. Action potential and its spreading in the heart muscle

    The shape of the AP myocardial curve, the participating ion channels, the time schedule of their action, the principle of "plateau" and its purpose, intercellular propagation, absolute and relative refractory phases, the effect of changes in the composition of the internal environment on AP myocardium.

  3. ECG (recording principle, basic description)

    Types of connections, registration  principle, Eithoven's triangle, principle of recording from leads, heart vector and axis, factors that affect them, basic description of ECG curve elements - intervals, waves, their meaning.

Heart - mechanics

Test: Electrical activity of tissues

  1. Specifics of excitation-contraction in cardiac muscle fiber, signal transduction, pathways leading to activation of the contractile apparatus, importance of calcium.
  2. Heterometric and homeometric regulation of cardiac contraction. Contractility, factors that affect it, the influence of calcium concentration, the effect of vegetative control, Frank-Starling's law - principle, consequences; preload, afterload, factors that affect them, their significance for the strength of cardiac contraction and cardiac output.
  3. Graph of the cardiac cycle - description, pressure and volume parameters determining cardiac work, significance and factors determining changes in individual points and parts of the curve.
  4. Measurement of functional cardiac parameters - cardiac output per minute, calculation, Fick's principle, dilution method, ejection fraction, significance, relation to end-diastolic filling, end-systolic pressure and volume, cardiac index, influence of changes in heart rate on systole and diastole duration, the relationship between heart work and oxygen consumption.

Circulation

  1. Relationships between blood flow, resistance of the vascular bed and the filling of the bed - measurement methods, elastic, laminar and turbulent flow, factors that determine it and the importance.
  2. Factors determining tissue perfusion and its redistribution, parallel and series connection and significance for pressure-flow values, filtration on capillaries, factors affecting it, importance of lymphatic circulation, static and dynamic load in relation to tissue perfusion. 
  3. Coronary flow - relation to individual parts of the cardiac cycle, oxygen consumption by the heart muscle, at rest and during exercise, coronary reserve, influence of Laplace's law, subepicardial and subendocardial flow. 

Blood pressure regulation

  1. Differences in blood pressure in different parts of vasculature (arteries, veins, small, large circulation), their cause and consequences for the circulation, local regulation of blood flow, autoregulation of blood flow by organs (metabolic, myogenic, vasoconstrictive, vasodilatory factors). 
  2. Principles of blood pressure regulation, time factor of regulation, mechanisms of regulation of organ distribution of cardiac output, regulatory mechanisms, nervous regulation of blood flow distribution, baroreceptors, baroreflex, reseting,
  3. Principles of blood pressure measurement, basic values, their significance for clinical evaluation of the patient's condition.

Blood I.

Test: Heart and circulation

  1. Hemoglobin dissociation curve for oxygen. Factors affecting O2 binding to Hb - affinity of different types of hemoglobin to O2 and factors affecting  it, consequences, shifts of dissociation curve, factors causing it, Bohr effect, Haldan effect.
  2. Types of hypoxia (hypoxic, anemic, ischemic and histotoxic). Dissociation curve Hb at these conditions. A-V difference.
  3. CO2 transport and its interaction with O2 transport.

Blood II.

1. Erythrocyte formation - regulation, consequences for gas transport and circulation in general.

2. Hemostasis, involved mechanisms, internal and external pathways, their triggering and blood clotting as a balance of pro- and anticoagulant mechanisms.

3. Hematological tests and their interpretation - Quick's test, APTT, INR, their significance, total hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean erythrocyte volume, erytrocyte count, leukocytes, platelets, color concentration of erythrocytes, blood count, FW.

Respiration I.

Test: Blood 

  1. Mechanism of inspiration and expiration - barometric, interpleural, alveolar pressure, measurements, their values ​​when stopped breathing, relation to inspiration and expiration and their changes during inhalation and expiration, relation to respiratory rate, inspiratory and expiratory muscles, their activity.
  2. Factors determining pulmonary compliance and airway resistance, relation to respiratory work - relation to volume change versus change in lung pressure, tissue elasticity and surface tension and factors influencing them, surfactant, lung compliance curve, explanation of shape, airway resistance pathways and factors that indicate it, regulation of bronchial lumen, static and dynamic work.
  3. Examination of lung functions - spirometry: TLC, VC, TV, IRV, ERV, RV, FRC, flow-volume curve: FVC, PEF, resting versus forced expiration, plethysmography, measurement of lung and airway resistance.

Respiration II.

  1. Factors influencing gas exchange in the lungs - factors determining the composition of alveolar air, the effect of dead space volume, changes of pulmonary ventilation – perfusion ratio, their causes, gas transport across the alveolo-capillary membrane, perfusion and diffusion limitations, diffusion capacity of the lungs.
  2. Specifics of the pulmonary circulation, regulation, changes after birth 
  3. Regulation of ventilation - chemical, nervous 

 

In the first week in the year 2022 - Test: Respiration

Created: 15. 9. 2021 / Modified: 9. 12. 2021 / Responsible person: prof. RNDr. Václav Hampl, DrSc.